Volume 3: Petrodiesel Fuels

Konur, O., ed. 2021. Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367456252

This third volume of the handbook presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of petrodiesel fuels.

Following the substantial public concerns on the adverse impact of the emissions from petrodiesel fuels on the environment and human health, the research has intensified in the areas related to the reduction of these adverse effects. Thus, bioremediation of spills from crude oils and petrodiesel fuels at sea and soils as well as desulfurization of petrodiesel fuels have emerged as publicly important research areas.

Similarly, the emissions from diesel fuel exhausts, due to their adverse effects on both human health and environment, have been researched more in recent years. These emissions cover particulate emissions, aerosol emissions, and NO_x emissions.

Research on the adverse impact of petrodiesel fuel exhaust emissions on human health has primarily progressed along the lines of respiratory illnesses, cancer, and other illnesses, such as cardiovascular illnesses, brain illnesses, and reproductive system illnesses, through human, animal, and in vitro studies.

It is clear that these illnesses caused by the petrodiesel fuel exhaust emissions have been one of the most significant reasons to develop alternative biodiesel fuels.

Part IX presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of crude oils covering major research fronts. It covers crude oil spills in general, crude oil spills and their cleanup, properties and removal of crude oils, biodegradation of crude oil-contaminated soils, and crude oil recovery besides an overview paper.

Part X presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of petrodiesel fuels in general covering major research fronts. It covers combustion of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines, bioremediation of biodiesel fuel-contaminated soils, biodiesel power generation, and desulfurization of diesel fuels besides an overview paper.

Part XI presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of emissions from petrodiesel fuels covering major research fronts. It covers diesel emission mitigation, diesel particulate emissions, and diesel NO_x emissions, besides an overview paper.

Part XII presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of the health impact of the emissions from petrodiesel fuels covering major research fronts. It covers respiratory illnesses, cancer, cardiovascular, brain, and reproductive system illnesses, besides an overview paper.

This book will be useful to academics and professionals in the fields of Energy Fuels, Public Environmental Occupational Health, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Immunology, Respiratory System, Allergy, and Oncology.

Ozcan Konur is both a materials scientist and social scientist by training. He has published around 200 journal papers, book chapters, and conference papers. He has focused on the bioenergy and biofuels in recent years. In 2018, he edited Bioenergy and Biofuels, which brought together the work of over 30 experts in their respective field. He also edited the Handbook of Algal Science, Technology, and Medicine with a strong section on the algal biofuels in 2020.

Part 9. Crude oils

Chapter 40. Konur, O. 2021. Crude oils: A scientometric review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Crude Oils | 2 | A Scientometric Review of the Research | Ozcan Konur (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged over time. Thus, studies on the science and technology of crude oils have arisen as a distinct research field. However, for the efficient progression of the research in this field, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Scientometric analysis offers ways to evaluate the research in a respective field. However, there is no scientometric study of this field. This chapter presents such a study using two datasets. The first dataset includes the 100-most-cited papers (n = 100 sample papers) whilst the second set includes population papers (n = over 53,000 population papers) published between 1980 and 2019. The data on the indices, document types, authors, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, ‘Web of Science’ subject categories, keywords, research fronts, and citation impact are presented and discussed.

Chapter 41. Fingas, M. 2021a. Introduction to oil spill behavior. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Introduction to Oil Spill Behavior | 3 | Petrodiesel Fuels | Merv Fing (taylorfrancis.com)

This chapter is an introduction to oil spill behavior. Summaries are given of important processes such as evaporation, water-in-oil emulsification, natural dispersion, and dissolution. Other processes such as photooxidation, sedimentation, and oil-fines interaction are introduced. An important behavior process is that of evaporation. Evaporation for light oils could involve a loss of 30 to 60 % of the oil’s mass over a two-day period. Algorithms for calculating evaporation are summarized. Another important behavior is that of water uptake. Oil may uptake water in one of five ways: as soluble water, no significant uptake or unstable, entrained water, mesostable emulsions, or stable emulsions. The latter three mechanisms are important as they have a large influence on the further behavior of the oil and thus influence countermeasures significantly.

Chapter 42. Fingas, M. 2021b. Introduction to oil spills and their cleanup. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Introduction to Oil Spills and their Clean-up | 4 | Petrodiesel Fuels (taylorfrancis.com)

Oil and petroleum constitute a major input into modern society. With the increasing use of these products in almost every facet of our lives, oil spills are also an accompanying reality. Despite the vast improvement in our technology to utilize oil, our ability to deal with oil spills has not kept apace. Despite this, spill experts estimate that 30 to 50% of oil spills are either directly or indirectly caused by human error, with 20 to 40% of all spills caused by equipment failure or malfunction. Emerging spill risks include increased maritime activity in the Arctic, deep-water exploration and development, and the rapid expansion of rail transport of crude oil. Oil spills have many adverse effects on the environment. However, efforts at spill containment and recovery are considered to be only moderately effective. Most often, spilled oil strands on the shoreline require clean-up efforts, though care is needed to minimize additional harm that can slow overall recovery. The understanding of the effects of oil spills is increasing, with the result that we are now finding that their consequences are much greater than we once thought. Further, we are finding that the persistence of spilled oil in the environment is also much greater than once thought.

Chapter 43. Prince, R. C., B. M. Hedgpeth, and K. M. McFarlin. 2021. Crude oils and their fate in the environment. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Crude Oils and their Fate in the Environment | 5 | Petrodiesel Fuels | (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils are essential sources of energy for the modern world, providing about a third of humanity’s total energy consumption. They represent biomass produced, on average, about 100 million years ago. This chapter reviews the formation, production, and composition of crude oils, and the processes that change and eventually consume them if they are released into the environment. Most of these processes merely move components of the oil from one environmental compartment to another; only combustion and biodegradation remove it permanently. Fortunately, microbes capable of consuming oil are ubiquitous, and under optimal conditions, they can consume spilled hydrocarbons quite rapidly – with a half-life of one to three weeks when dispersed at sea, for example. The challenge is to get the oil into a form where such rapid biodegradation can occur.

Chapter 44. McFarlin, K. M. and R. C. Prince. 2021. Oil contaminated soil: Understanding biodegradation and remediation strategies. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Oil Contaminated Soil | 6 | Understanding Biodegradation and Remediati (taylorfrancis.com)

Biodegradation can be a low-cost remediation option to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils. The extent and rate of this process depends upon a variety of factors including specific chemical characteristics of the spilled petroleum product and environmental variables that dictate their bioavailability. Bioremediation has been recognized as a successful remediation strategy and a vast amount of research has been carried out to improve our understanding of this low-cost green solution. This chapter reviews the environmental factors that affect the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons found in crude oil and refined products, and discusses the implementation and success of common bioremediation technologies that can significantly remove petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment.

Chapter 45. Jeong, M. S. and K. S. Lee. 2021. Biotechnology applications in oil recovery. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Biotechnology Applications in Oil Recovery | 7 | Petrodiesel Fuels | M (taylorfrancis.com)

Petroleum is the most widely used energy source in the world. Since a significant amount of crude oil is trapped in reservoirs after conventional primary and secondary recovery, economical ‘enhanced oil recovery’ (EOR) becomes increasingly important. As the interest in environmental problems due to petroleum development is growing and environmental regulations are becoming strict, the development of environmentally friendly methods has become essential. The EOR method combining microbial technology can be an environmentally friendly and economical alternative. This chapter deals with the various mechanisms used for oil production in the ‘microbial enhanced oil recovery’ (MEOR) process. The main strategies for the application of MEOR are determined by the main substances generated from microbial activity. In particular, selective plugging by biomass/biopolymers and wettability alteration by biosurfactants are described as the main mechanisms for oil recovery. The effects of biosolvents, bioacids, and biogases are also engaged. Additionally, the degradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms and the effect of improving oil recovery is described. This review aims to increase the understanding of how microbial technology can be applied to oil production engineering. The literature pertaining to laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and field trials are included in the light of industrial applications.

Part 10. Petrodiesel fuels in general

Chapter 46. Konur, O. 2021. Petrodiesel fuels: A scientometric review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Petrodiesel Fuels: A Scientometric Review of the Research | 9 | Petrod (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels, such as petrodiesel. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged since the 1970s. Thus, biooils and biooil-based biodiesel fuels have emerged as alternatives to crude oils and crude oil-based petrodiesel fuels in recent decades. Despite these developments, petrodiesel fuels have still been a major source of energy and fuels. However, for the efficient progression of the research on petrodiesel fuels, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. However, there has been no current scientometric study of this field. This chapter presents a study on the scientometric evaluation of the research on petrodiesel fuels using two datasets. The first dataset includes the 100-most-cited papers (n = 100 sample papers) whilst the second set includes population papers (n = over 16,000 population papers) published between 1980 and 2019. The data on the indices, document types, authors, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, ‘Web of Science’ subject categories, keywords, research fronts, and citation impact are presented and discussed.

Chapter 47. Pandey, S. and A. K. Sharma. 2021. Combustion and formations of emission in compression ignition engines and emissions reduction techniques. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Combustion and Formation of Emissions in Compression Ignition Engines (taylorfrancis.com)

‘Compression ignition (CI) engines’ possess excellent fuel economy, and drivability is the motivation behind extensive research and development in this field to reduce emissions such as ‘nitrogen oxides’ (NO_x) and ‘particulate matter’ (PM). Thermal efficiency and fuel economy have improved in recent years, which has led to the development of a ‘common-rail fuel injection’ (CRFI) system. Recently, most of the research has been focused on emission control due to rigid new emission norms. Engine emissions can further be reduced by using after-treatment technology like a ‘diesel particulate filter’ (DPF), ‘selective catalytic reduction’ (SCR), and PM and NO_x reduction in exhausts. In diesel engines, vegetable oil and fatty acid can be used as alternative fuels. The high viscosity and tendency of NO_x emissions is the main barrier in the application of vegetable oils and fatty acids as alternative fuels. Alcohol has come out as an alternative to petrodiesel fuel and this could be produced by blending, emulsification, and fumigation. New combustion technology such as ‘homogeneous charge compression ignition’ (HCCI) can be used to improve diesel exhaust emissions. HCCI technology also improves performance while operating with alternate fuels or using after-treatment technologies.

Chapter 48. Konur, O. 2021. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the contaminated soils: A review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soils | 11 | (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels, such as petrodiesel. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged since the 1970s. Thus, biooils and biooil-based biodiesel fuels have emerged as alternatives to crude oils and crude oil-based petrodiesel fuels, respectively, in recent decades. Nowadays, although biodiesel fuels are being used increasingly, petrodiesel fuels are still used extensively in the transportation and power sectors. Therefore, there has been great public interest in petrodiesel fuels. However, petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil with significant ecotoxicity to terrestrial and aquatic organisms, resulting in much public concern regarding the potential loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it has been necessary to reduce the amount of toxic petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Although there have been a number of reviews and book chapters in this field, there has been no review of the 20-most-cited articles. Thus, this chapter reviews these articles by highlighting the key findings of these most-prolific studies on the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Then, it discusses these key findings.

Chapter 49. Issa, M. and A. Ilinca. 2021. Petrodiesel and biodiesel fuels for marine applications. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Petrodiesel and Biodiesel Fuels for Marine Applications | 12 | Petrodi (taylorfrancis.com)

In the maritime market, fossil-derived fuels have been dominated by ‘heavy fuel oil’ (HFO), which is conventionally used in low-speed (main) engines, and more refined fuels such as ‘marine diesel oil’ (MDO) which is used in fast or medium-speed engines. Nonetheless, rising fuel costs and regulatory pressure such as sulfur content restrictions have increased interest in the use of alternative fuels. A variety of such fuels have been reported and can be used in the maritime sector, including ‘straight vegetable oil’ (SVO) as an alternative to HFO in low-speed engines, biodiesel as a replacement for MDO/‘marine gasoil’ (MGO) in low-to-medium-speed engines and ‘bio-liquid natural gas’(bio-LNG) in gas engines using LNG. Potential sources are defined for biomass feedstocks, conversion pathways, and technologies. In particular, the availability, technological development, technical integration, and operational implications are examined with respect to the main parameters, which limit their potential application. It is suggested that a solution needs to be found to address those limitations. Successful implementation of these strategies would allow for a broader use of biofuels in marine applications, significantly reducing ship pollution and enhancing global air quality, as well as protecting the environment.

50. Chapter Konur, O. 2021. Desulfurization of diesel fuels: A review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Desulfurization of Diesel Fuels | 13 | A Review of the Research | Ozca (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels, such as petrodiesel. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged since the 1970s. Thus, biooils and biodiesel fuels have emerged as alternatives to crude oils and crude oil-based petrodiesel fuels, respectively, in recent decades. Nowadays, although petrodiesel fuels are still used extensively, biodiesel fuels are being used increasingly in the transportation and power sectors. Therefore, there has been great public interest in petrodiesel fuels. However, it is necessary to reduce the amount of sulfur compounds in these fuels due to the significant adverse health and environmental impact of these compounds. It is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Although there have been a number of reviews and book chapters in this field, there has been no review of the 25-most-cited articles in this field. Thus, this chapter reviews these articles by highlighting the key findings of these most-prolific studies on the desulfurization of sulfur compounds in petrodiesel and related fuels. Then, it discusses these key findings.

Part 11. Petrodiesel fuel emissions

Chapter 51. Konur, O. 2021. Diesel fuel exhaust emissions: A scientometric review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions | 15 | A Scientometric Review of the Res (taylorfrancis.com)

Biodiesel and petrodiesel fuels have been primary sources of energy and fuels. As the adverse health and safety impact of diesel fuel exhaust emissions are of utmost public importance, studies on the science and technology of the these emissions have emerged as a distinct research field over time. However, for the efficient progression of the research in this field, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Scientometric analysis has been used to evaluate research in a number of research fields. However, there has been no scientometric study of this field. This chapter presents such a study using two datasets. The first dataset includes the 100-most-cited papers (n = 100 sample papers) whilst the second set includes population papers (n = over 10,450 population papers) published between 1980 and 2019. The data on the indices, document types, authors, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, ‘Web of Science’ subject categories, keywords, research fronts, and citation impact are presented and discussed.

Chapter 52. Fattah, I. M. R., H. C. Ong, T. M. I. Mahlia, and M. Mofijur. 2021. Diesel emissions and their mitigation approaches. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Diesel Emissions and Approaches to their Mitigation | 16 | Petrodiesel (taylorfrancis.com)

The high efficiency of diesel engines, their low operating costs, and their high durability and reliability have provided them with rapidly rising demand in the heavy-duty vehicle market. The growth of the diesel market requires a careful evaluation of the related environmental effects. Diesel exhaust contains components of a complete air and carbon combustion (nitrogen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide), as well as the products of incomplete combustion (i.e. carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and partially oxidized hydrocarbons such as particulates). This chapter begins with the introduction of the diesel combustion process and how those emissions are generated in diesel flames. After that, criteria emissions are discussed in detail. Finally, some of the prominent exhaust emission reduction approaches and their efficiencies are discussed.

Chapter 53. Gao, J. and Y. Liu. 2021. Particles from compression and spark ignition engines. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Particles from Compression and Spark Ignition Engines | 17 | Petrodies (taylorfrancis.com)

Both particle mass and number emissions from ‘internal combustion (IC) engines’ are discussed in relation to particle control technologies that are applied to IC engines. Since the formation mechanism of particles from ‘compression ignition (CI) engines’ and ‘spark ignition (SI) engines’ differ, the particles from these two categories of engines are presented individually in the chapter. Firstly, a detailed analysis of ‘particulate matter’ (PM) is made regarding particle number and size distribution, chemical composition, as well as control methodology. Then, the physical properties of ‘port fuel injection (PFI) engines’ (PFI engines) and ‘direct fuel injection (DI) engines’ are illustrated before the main factors relating to them.

Chapter 54. Nuguid, R. J. G., F. Buttignol, A. Marberger, and O. Krocher. 2021. Selective catalytic reduction of NO_x emissions. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx Emissions | 18 | Petrodiesel Fuel (taylorfrancis.com)

‘Selective catalytic reduction’ (SCR) has emerged as the most efficient technology to curtail ‘nitrogen oxide’ (NO_x) emissions from diesel-powered vehicles and power plants. In this process, the selective reductants of ammonia or urea react with oxygen and harmful NO_x to produce harmless nitrogen gas and water. Vanadia-based catalysts were the first materials and have been commercialized for SCR applications since the 1970s. Their modest cost and superior sulfur resistance have promoted their widespread use, particularly in stationary SCR installations. On the other hand, metal-exchanged zeolites have started to prevail in recent years for mobile SCR applications. Whereas copper-exchanged zeolites offer unrivaled low-temperature activity and a wide operating window, analogous iron-based materials have the advantage of negligible formation of undesirable nitrous oxide at comparably low costs. Nowadays, the advancement of SCR is inextricably linked to modern spectroscopy and mechanistic studies under operating conditions. They provide structure–reactivity relationships that help to facilitate a rational catalyst design and synthesis. Against the backdrop of worsening air quality and tightening environmental legislation, the advancement of the SCR technology continues to remain of utmost importance.

Part 12. The health impact of petrodiesel fuel emissions

Chapter 55. Konur, O. 2021. The adverse health and safety impact of diesel fuels: A scientometric review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. The Adverse Health and Safety Impact of Diesel Fuels | 20 | A Scientom (taylorfrancis.com)

Biodiesel and petrodiesel fuels have been primary sources of energy and fuels. However, the emissions from these fuels have raised significant concerns about human and environmental health and safety. Thus, the adverse health and safety impact of diesel fuel exhaust emissions have utmost public importance. However, for the efficient progression of the research in this field, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Scientometric analysis offers ways to evaluate the research in a respective field. This method has been used to evaluate research in a number of fields. However, there has been no scientometric study of this field. This chapter presents a study on the scientometric evaluation of the research in this field using two datasets. The first dataset includes the 100-most-cited papers (n = 100 sample papers) whilst the second set includes population papers (n = over 2,150 population papers) published between 1980 and 2019. The data on the indices, document types, authors, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, ‘Web of Science’ subject categories, keywords, research fronts, and citation impact are presented and discussed.

56. Chapter 56. Konur, O. 2021. Respiratory illnesses caused by the diesel fuel exhaust emissions: A review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Respiratory Illnesses Caused by Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions | 21 | A (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels, such as petrodiesel. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged since the 1970s. Thus, biooils and biooil-based biodiesel fuels have emerged as alternatives to crude oils and crude oil-based petrodiesel fuels in recent decades. Nowadays, although biodiesel fuels are being used increasingly in the transportation and power sectors, petrodiesel fuels are still used extensively. Therefore, the adverse health impact of ‘diesel fuel exhaust particles’ (DEPs) has been a great source of public concern. In this context, the causation of respiratory illnesses in humans has been studied more extensively. However, for the efficient progression of the research in this field, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Although there have been a number of reviews and book chapters in this field, there has been no review of the 25-most-cited articles. Thus, this chapter reviews these articles on the causation of respiratory illnesses by DEPs. Then, it discusses the findings of the review.

Chapter 57. Konur, O. 2021. Cancer caused by the diesel fuel exhaust emissions: A review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Cancer Caused by Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions | 22 | A Review of the (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels, such as petrodiesel. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged since the 1970s. Thus, biooils and biooil-based biodiesel fuels have emerged as alternatives to crude oils and crude oil-based petrodiesel fuels in recent decades. Nowadays, although biodiesel fuels are being used increasingly in the transportation and power sectors, petrodiesel fuels are still used extensively. Therefore, the adverse health impact of ‘diesel fuel exhaust particles’ (DEPs) has been a great source of public concern. In this context, the causation of cancer by DEPs in humans has been studied more extensively. However, for the efficient progression of the research in this field, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Although there have been a number of reviews and book chapters in this field, there has been no review of the 25-most-cited articles. Thus, this chapter reviews these articles by highlighting the key findings of these most-prolific studies on the causation of cancer by DEPs. Then, it discusses these findings.

Chapter 58. Konur, O. 2021. Cardiovascular and other illnesses caused by the diesel fuel exhaust emissions: A review of the research. In Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment. Volume 3. Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment, ed. O. Konur. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.  Cardiovascular and Other Illnesses Caused by Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emiss (taylorfrancis.com)

Crude oils have been primary sources of energy and fuels, such as petrodiesel. However, significant public concerns about the sustainability, price fluctuations, and adverse environmental impact of crude oils have emerged since the 1970s. Thus, biooils and biooil-based biodiesel fuels have emerged as alternatives to crude oils and crude oil-based petrodiesel fuels in recent decades. Nowadays, although biodiesel fuels are being used increasingly in the transportation and power sectors, petrodiesel fuels are still used extensively. Therefore, the adverse health impact of ‘diesel fuel exhaust particles’ (DEPs) has been a great source of public concern. In this context, the causation of cardiovascular illnesses, brain illnesses, and reproductive system illnesses by DEPs has been studied more extensively. However, for the efficient progression of the research in this field, it is necessary to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders and to inform these stakeholders about the research. Although there have been a number of reviews and book chapters in this field, there has been no review of the 25-most-cited articles. Thus, this chapter highlights the key findings of these most-prolific studies. Then, it discusses these key findings.