Volume 3. Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production. I. Non-waste Feedstocks

Konur, O., Ed. 2023. Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003226451 eBook ISBN: 9781003226451. 456 pp.

This book aims to inform readers about the recent developments in production, evaluation, and utilization of bioethanol fuels from non-waste feedstocks. It covers the production of bioethanol fuels from first generation starch feedstocks and sugar feedstocks, grass biomass, wood biomass, cellulose, biosyngas, and third generation algae. In this context, there are nine key sections where the first four chapters cover the production of bioethanol fuels from feedstocks at large and non-waste feedstocks.

This book shows that pretreatments and hydrolysis of the non-waste feedstocks, fermentation of hydrolysates, and separation and distillation of bioethanol fuels are the fundamental processes for bioethanol fuel production from these non-waste feedstocks with the exception of the biosyngas feedstocks.

This book is a valuable resource for the stakeholders primarily in the research fields of energy and fuels, chemical engineering, environmental science and engineering, biotechnology, microbiology, chemistry, physics, mechanical engineering, agricultural sciences, food science and engineering, materials science, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, plant sciences, water resources, economics, business and management, transportation science and technology, ecology, public, environmental, and occupational health, social sciences, toxicology, multidisciplinary sciences, and humanities among others.

Part 7. Introduction to Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production 46 pp.

1. Konur, O. 2023ag. Feedstock-based bioethanol fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3. O. Konur, pp. 3-27. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 25 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining the energy security in the supply shocks related to oil price shocks, COVID-19 pandemics, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol production through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. The research in the field of the feedstock-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the feedstocks, bioethanol fuel production, fermentation of the hydrolysates, and evaluation and utilization of the bioethanol fuels. The research in this field has also intensified for the feedstocks of lignocellulosic biomass, cellulose, wood, and to a lesser extent grass, sugar feedstocks, starch feedstock residues, starch feedstocks, algal biomass, sugar feedstock residues, urban waste, food waste, industrial waste, and forestry waste. Thus, it complements the research on the processes for the production, evaluation, and utilization of bioethanol fuels at large. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. The scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of the research in a selected research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this book chapter presents a scientometric study of the research in the feedstock-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting scientometric characteristics of these both datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

2. Konur, O. 2023ah. Feedstock-based bioethanol fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 28-46. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 19 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol fuel production from the feedstocks through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. The research in the field of the feedstock-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the feedstocks and to a lesser extent evaluation of the feedstock-based bioethanol fuels, the fermentation of the feedstock-based hydrolysates, and production and evaluation of bioethanol fuels. The research in this field has also intensified for the feedstocks of wood biomass, cellulose, lignocellulosic biomass at large, grass biomass, starch feedstock residues, and sugar and starch feedstocks. Thus, it complements the research on the processes for the production, evaluation, and utilization of bioethanol fuels at large. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Although there has been a number of review papers on the feedstock-based bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the most-cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this book chapter presents a review of these most-cited 25 articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on the future research priorities in this field.

Part 8. Introduction to Non-Waste biomass-based Bioethanol Fuels 48 pp.

3. Konur, O. 2023i. Non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 49-74. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 26 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining the energy security in the supply shocks related to oil price shocks, COVID-19 pandemics, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol production through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates. One of the most-studied feedstocks for the bioethanol fuels has been the non-waste biomass and hydrolysates, respectively. The research in the field of the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the non-waste biomass, production of bioethanol fuels, fermentation of the non-waste biomass-based hydrolysates, and to a lesser extent, production and evaluation of the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels. The research in this field has also intensified for the feedstocks of wood biomass and to a lesser extent grass biomass, algal biomass, sugar feedstock-biomass, such as sugarcane, and starch feedstock-biomass such as corn grains. Thus, it emerges as a distinctive research field, complementing the research on the second generation waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels from the agricultural residues and other wastes. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. The scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of the research in a selected research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this book chapter presents a scientometric study of the research in the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting scientometric characteristics of both these datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

4. Konur, O. 2023j. Non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 75-94. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 20 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol fuel production from the feedstocks through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most-studied feedstocks for the bioethanol fuels has been the non-waste biomass at large. The research in the field of the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the non-waste biomass, and to a lesser extent production of the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels, fermentation of the non-waste biomass-based hydrolysates, and evaluation of the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels. The research in this field has also intensified for the feedstocks of wood biomass feedstocks such as poplar and pine, grass biomass, such as switchgrass and miscanthus, and to a lesser extent sugar feedstocks such as sugarcane, starch feedstocks, such as corn grains, and algal biomass such as chlamydomonas. Thus, it emerges as a distinctive research field, complementing the research on the second generation waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels from the agricultural residues and other wastes. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Although there have been a number of review papers on the non-waste biomass-based bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the most-cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this book chapter presents a review of these most-cited 25 articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on the future research priorities in this field.

Part 9. First Generation Starch-based Bioethanol Fuels 58 pp.

5. Konur, O. 2023ak. First generation starch feedstock-based bioethanol fuel fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 97-119. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 23 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining the energy security in the supply shocks related to oil price shocks, COVID-19 pandemics, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol production through the hydrolysis and fermentation of the biomass and hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most-studied feedstocks for the bioethanol fuels have been the starch feedstocks as the first generation feedstocks. The research in the field of the starch feedstock-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the starch feedstocks, fermentation of the starch feedstock-based hydrolysates, and production and evaluation of the starch feedstock-based bioethanol fuels. Further, the corn and, to a lesser extent cassava, starch feedstocks, in general wheat, potato, sorghum, artichoke, other starch feedstocks, rice, sago, and triticale, have been studied intensively in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. The scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of the research in a selected research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this book chapter presents a scientometric study of the research in the starch feedstock-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting scientometric characteristics of these both datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

6. Konur, O. 2023al. First generation starch feedstock-based bioethanol fuel fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 120-136. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 17 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol fuel production from starch feedstocks through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most-studied feedstocks for the bioethanol fuels has been the starch feedstocks as the first generation feedstocks. The research in the field of the starch feedstock-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the evaluation of bioethanol fuels and to a lesser extent production of bioethanol fuels, fermentation of starch feedstock-based hydrolysates, pretreatments and hydrolysis of starch feedstocks, and economics of bioethanol fuels. Further, the corn and to a lesser extent cassava, sorghum, potato, and wheat have been studied intensively in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Although there have been a limited number of review papers on the bioethanol fuels from starch feedstocks, there has been no review of the most-cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this book chapter presents a review of these most-cited 25 articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on the future research priorities in this field.

7. Khatun, M.H.A.; Chen, H.; Wang, L. (2023) Corn pericarp bioethanol through steam explosion and periodic peristalsis. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp.137-152. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 16 pp. Mst. Husne Ara Khatun, Hongzhang Chen, Lan Wang

Corn pericarp, which is abundant, is still underutilized, and contains significant amounts of polysaccharides and other valuable biocomponents, is not exploited in the current process. One of the main challenges is structural complexity, particularly cell wall networks that provide strong resistance to enzymatic attacks. The combined pretreatments of steam explosion and periodic peristalsis are a new way to break the complex cell wall network to facilitate further bioprocessing, where bioethanol yield can be increased by 6.7% compared with untreated corn pericarp. But, a number of factors must be taken into account while designing and selecting the technology or procedure that will convert biomass into a high purity/quality product with low energy consumption and GHG emissions. Thus, the unnecessary chemical multiplicity and operational expenses are reduced by the combined pretreatments of steam explosion and periodic peristalsis, resulting in an economic biorefinery paradigm with zero GHG emissions.

Part 10. First Generation Sugar Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuels 46 pp.

8. Konur, O. 2023am. First generation sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 155-177. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 23 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, fuel cells, and biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining energy security in the supply shocks related to oil price shocks, COVID-19 pandemic, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting in February 2022. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol production through the hydrolysis and fermentation of the biomass and hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most studied feedstocks for bioethanol fuels has been sugar feedstocks, such as sugar cane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum, and energy cane. The research in the field of sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the evaluation of sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels and to a lesser extent production of sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels, hydrolysate fermentation, and pretreatments and hydrolysis of sugar feedstocks. Further, sugar cane, sweet sorghum, and, to a lesser extent, sugar beet and energy cane have been intensively studied in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. The scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of the research in a selected research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this book chapter presents a scientometric study of the research in sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting the scientometric characteristics of these two datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

9. Konur, O. 2023an. First generation sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 178-197. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 20 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of bioethanol prior to bioethanol fuel production from sugar feedstocks through hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resultant hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most-studied feedstocks for bioethanol fuels have been sugar feedstocks, such as sugarcane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum, and energy cane. Research in the field of sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of evaluation and production of sugar feedstock-based bioethanol fuels, and to a lesser extent hydrolysate fermentation, and pretreatment and hydrolysis of sugar feedstocks. Further, sugarcane and to a lesser extent sweet sorghum, sugar beet, and energy cane have been studied intensively in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance research in this field. Although there have been a limited number of review papers on bioethanol fuels from sugar feedstocks, there has been no review of the most-cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this chapter presents a review of these most-cited 25 articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on future research priorities in this field.

Part 11. Grass-based Bioethanol Fuels 47 pp.

10. Konur, O. 2023ao. Grass-based bioethanol fuel production: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 201-225. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 25 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining the energy security in the supply shocks related to oil price shocks, COVID-19 pandemic, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting in February 2022. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of bioethanol prior to bioethanol production through hydrolysis and fermentation of biomass. One of the most-studied biomass for bioethanol production and use has been grass biomass. Research in the field of grass-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of pretreatment and hydrolysis of grass biomass and to a lesser extent fermentation of grass hydrolysates and grass-based bioethanol fuels in general. Further, switchgrass and to a lesser extent miscanthus, giant reed, Bermuda grass, grass in general, ryegrass, common reed, alfalfa, napier grass, and canary grass have been studied intensively at the expense of other grass biomasses in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance research in this field. Scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of research in a selected research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this chapter presents a scientometric study of research in grass-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting the scientometric characteristics of these both datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

11. Konur, O. 2023ap. Grass-based bioethanol fuel production: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 226-245. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 20 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol before the grass-based bioethanol production through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates. One of the most-studied biomass for bioethanol production and use has been grass biomass. Research in the field of grass-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of grass biomass, and to a lesser extent fermentation of grass hydrolysates, and the production and evaluation of grass-based bioethanol fuels. Furthermore, the switchgrass and to a lesser extent miscanthus, Bermuda grass, alfalfa, canary grass, and silver grass have been studied intensively at the expense of the other grass biomass in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance research in this field. Although there have been a limited number of review papers on grass-based bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the 25 most-cited articles in this field. Thus, this book chapter presents a review of these 25 most-cited articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on future research priorities in this field.

Part12. Wood-based bioethanol fuels 46 pp.

12. Konur, O. 2023aq. Wood-based bioethanol fuel production: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 249-272. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 24 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining energy security in the supply shocks related to oil price shocks, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting in February 2022. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol before bioethanol production through hydrolysis and fermentation of the biomass. One of the most-studied biomass for bioethanol production has been wood. Research in the field of wood-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the wood, and to a lesser extent fermentation of the wood hydrolysates, and bioethanol production from the wood, including the technoeconomic studies of the bioethanol fuels. However, the most prolific pretreatments have been chemical and hydrothermal pretreatments and to a lesser extent mechanical and hydrothermal pretreatments of the wood, while the most prolific hydrolysis has been the enzymatic pretreatment of the wood; on individual terms, the most prolific pretreatments have been a steam explosion, acid, solvent, alkaline, sulfur dioxide, liquid hot water, ionic liquid, milling, autohydrolysis, sulfite, hot compressed water, and ammonia pretreatments. Furthermore, both the softwood such as pine, spruce, and Douglas fir and hardwood such as poplar, eucalyptus, and to a lesser extent aspen, birch, bamboo, and willow have been studied intensively. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance research in this field. The scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of research in a selected research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this book chapter presents a scientometric study of research in wood-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting the scientometric characteristics of these both datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

13. Konur, O. 2023ar. Wood-based bioethanol fuel production: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 273-292. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 20 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of bioethanol fuels prior to bioethanol production through hydrolysis of biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates. One of the most-studied biomass for bioethanol production has been wood. The research in the field of wood-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment of wood and to a lesser extent hydrolysis of the wood, fermentation of wood hydrolysates, and bioethanol production from wood in general, including the techno-economics studies of the bioethanol production. Further, both softwood such as pine, spruce, and Douglas fir and hardwood such as poplar, eucalyptus, and aspen have been studied intensively. The most prolific pretreatments have been chemical and enzymatic pretreatments and to a lesser extent hydrothermal and mechanical pretreatments at the macro-level and acid, ionic liquid, steam explosion, solvent, milling, liquid hot water, alkaline, sulfur dioxide, sulfite, and ammonia pretreatments at the micro-level. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Although there has been a number of review papers on wood-based bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the 25 most-cited articles in this field. Thus, this chapter presents a review of these 25 most-cited articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on future research priorities in this field.

Part 13. Cellulose-based Bioethanol Fuels 39 pp.

14. Konur, O. 2023as. Cellulose-based bioethanol fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 295-316. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 22 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining energy security in supply shocks related to oil price shocks, COVID-19 pandemic, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of bioethanol prior to bioethanol production through the hydrolysis of biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most studied feedstocks for bioethanol fuels has been cellulose, a key constituent of lignocellulosic feedstocks. The research in the field of cellulose-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose and, to a lesser extent, fermentation of hydrolysates and production of bioethanol fuels. Thus, it emerges as a distinctive research field, complementing primarily the research on lignocellulosic biomass-based bioethanol fuels from agricultural residues, other wastes, wood, grass, and sugar and starch feedstocks. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance research in this field. Scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of research in this research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this chapter presents a scientometric study of the research on cellulose-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data and presents them in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

15. Konur, O. 2023at. Cellulose-based bioethanol fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 317-331. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 15 pp.

The crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in the fuel cells, and in the biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of the bioethanol prior to the bioethanol fuel production from the feedstocks through the hydrolysis of the biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most-studied feedstocks for the bioethanol fuels has been the cellulose, a key constituent of the lignocellulosic feedstocks. The research in the field of the cellulose-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of the cellulose. Thus, it emerges as a distinctive research field, complementing primarily the research on the lignocellulosic biomass-based bioethanol fuels from the agricultural residues, other wastes, wood, grass, and sugar and starch feedstocks. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Although there have been a limited number of review papers on the cellulose-based bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the most-cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this book chapter presents a review of these most-cited 25 articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on the future research priorities in this field.

Part 14. Third Generation Algal Bioethanol Fuels 47 pp.

16. Konur, O. 2023au. Third generation algal bioethanol fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 335-359. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 25 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining energy security in supply shocks related to oil price shocks, the COVID-19 pandemic, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of bioethanol prior to bioethanol production through hydrolysis and fermentation of biomass and hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most-studied biomass materials in bioethanol production has been algal biomass as a third generation feedstock. The research in the field of algal bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment of algal biomass and algal bioethanol production and to a lesser extent fermentation of algal hydrolysates and hydrolysis of algal biomass. Chemical and enzymatic pretreatments and to a lesser extent mechanical, microbial, and hydrothermal pretreatments have been the most prolific, while the most prolific hydrolysis has been enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. Additionally, the most prolific research fronts with regard to fermentation and bioethanol production have been macroalgae and to a lesser extent microalgae, cyanobacteria, and algae in general. Further, macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been studied intensively at the expense of diatoms, coccolithophores, and dinoflagellates in this context. The most prolific macroalgal species have been macroalga in general, alginates, gelidium, ulva, gracilaria, saccharina, kappaphycus, laminaria, sargassum, chaetomorpha, and undaria, while the most prolific microalgal species have been microalgae in general, chlorella, scenedesmus, chloroccum, chlamydomonas, and nannochloropsis, whereas the most prolific cyanobacterial species have been synechocystis, cyanobacteria in general, synechococcus, and spirulina. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of the research in this research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this chapter presents a scientometric study of the research in algal bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data presenting scientometric characteristics of both these datasets in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

17. Nowruzi, B. and Konur, O 2023av. 2023. Third generation algal bioethanol fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 360-379. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 20 pp. Bahareh Nowruzi

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. However, it is necessary to pretreat the biomass to enhance the yield of bioethanol prior to algal bioethanol production through hydrolysis of biomass and fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates, respectively. One of the most studied biomass materials for bioethanol fuels has been algal biomass as a third generation feedstock. Research in the field of algal bioethanol production has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of algal biomass, fermentation of algal hydrolysates, and algal bioethanol production in general. The most prolific pretreatments have been chemical, enzymatic, and to a lesser extent microbial and mechanical pretreatments. Further, macroalgae, microalgae, and to a lesser extent cyanobacteria and algae in general have been studied intensively at the expense of diatoms and dinoflagellates at the macrolevel in this context. On the other hand, on an individual level, the most prolific algae have been chlamydomonas, chlorella, chloroccum, alginates, laminaria, synechocystis, gelidium, gracilaria, nannochloropsis, saccharina, sargassum, scenedesmus, synechococcus, and ulva. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance research in this field. Although there are a number of review papers on algal bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the 25 most-cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this chapter presents a review of these 25 most-cited articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on future research priorities in this field.

Part 15. Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels 42 pp.

18. Konur, O. 2023aw. Bioyngas-based bioethanol fuels: Scientometric study. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, pp. 383-404. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 22 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. Bioethanol fuels also play a critical role in maintaining energy security in supply shocks related to oil price shocks, the COVID-19 pandemic, or wars in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. One of the most studied feedstocks for bioethanol fuels has been synthesis biogas (biosyngas) produced from biomass with constituents such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H₂). Research in the field of biosyngas-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of the fermentation, catalytic reduction, and electrochemical reduction of biosyngas and to a lesser extent the production of bioethanol fuels by other processes such as the photosynthetic and photocatalytic reduction of biosyngas. Further, CO₂, biosyngas, and to a lesser extent CO have been studied intensively as feedstocks in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Scientometric analysis has been used in this context to inform the primary stakeholders about the current state of research in this research field. As there have been no published scientometric studies in this field, this chapter presents a scientometric study of research on syngas-based bioethanol fuels. It examines the scientometric characteristics of both the sample and population data and presents them in the order of documents, authors, publication years, institutions, funding bodies, source titles, countries, Scopus subject categories, Scopus keywords, and research fronts.

19. Konur, O. 2023ax. Biosyngas-based bioethanol fuels: Review. In Feedstock-based Bioethanol Fuel Production I: Non-Waste Feedstocks: Starch, Sugar, Grass, Wood, Cellulose, Algae, and Biosyngas-based Bioethanol Fuels. Handbook of Bioethanol Fuels: Production and Utilization Volume 3, O. Konur, 405-422. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 18 pp.

Crude oil-based gasoline fuels have been widely used in the transportation sector since the 1920s. However, there have been great public concerns over the adverse environmental and human impact of these fuels. Hence, biomass-based bioethanol fuels have increasingly been used in blending gasoline fuels, in fuel cells, and in biochemical production in a biorefinery context. One of the most studied feedstocks for bioethanol fuels has been synthesis biogas (biosyngas) and its constituents such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H₂). Research in the field of biosyngas-based bioethanol fuels has intensified in this context in the key research fronts of electrochemical reduction, catalytic reduction, and to a lesser extent fermentation, photosynthetic production, and photocatalytic reduction of biosyngas. Further, CO₂ and to a lesser extent biosyngas have been studied intensively in this context. However, it is essential to develop efficient incentive structures for the primary stakeholders to enhance the research in this field. Although there have been a limited number of review papers on biosyngas-based bioethanol fuels, there has been no review of the most cited 25 articles in this field. Thus, this book chapter presents a review of these most cited 25 articles. Then, it discusses the key findings of these highly influential papers and comments on future research priorities in this field.